This is an Indian law to give effect to the Convention for the unification of certain rules relating to international carriage by air signed at Warsaw on the 12th day of October, 1929 and to the said Convention as amended by the Hague Protocol on the 28th day of September, 1955 and also to the Montreal Convention signed on the 28th day of May, 1999, etc.
Carriage by Air Act, 1972
[Act 69 of 1972] [19th December, 1972]
An Act to give effect to the Convention for the unification of certain rules relating to international carriage by air signed at Warsaw on the 12th day of October, 1929 and to the said Convention as amended by the Hague Protocol on the 28th day of September, 1955 [i][and also to the Montreal Convention signed on the 28th day of May, 1999 and to make provision for] applying the rules contained in the said Convention in its original form and in the amended form (subject to exceptions, adaptations and modifications) to non-international carriage by air and for matters connected therewith.
Be it enacted by Parliament in the Twenty-third Year of the Republic of India as follows:
Statements of Objects and Reasons.—India is a signatory to the Warsaw Convention of 1929, which is an International Agreement governing the liability of the air carrier in respect of international carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo by air. Under that Convention “international carriage” means by carriage in which according to the contract made by the parties, the place of departure and the place of destination, whether or not there a break in the carriage or a transhipment, are situated either within the territories of two High Contracting Parties, or within the territories of a single High Contracting Party, if there is an agreed stopping place within a territory subject to the sovereignty, suzerainty, mandate or authority of another Power, even though that Power is not a party to the Convention. The Convention provides that when an accident occurring during international carriage by air causes damage to a passenger or a shipper of cargo, there is a presumption of liability of the carrier. The carrier, however, is not liable if he proves that he or his agents had taken all necessary measures to avoid the damage or that it was impossible for him or them to take such measures. The Convention balances the imposition of a presumption of liability on the carrier by limiting his liability for each passenger to 1,25,000 good francs. There is no limitation of liability if the damage is caused by the wilful misconduct of the carrier, or by such default on his part as, in accordance with the law of the court seized of the case, is equivalent to wilful misconduct. The Convention also contains detailed provisions regarding documents of carriage.
| Other Contents of Carriage by Air Act, 1972 |
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| Sections 1 to 9 |
| Schedules |
| Annexure |
2. The Warsaw Convention has been given effect to in India by the enactment of the Indian Carriage by Air Act, 1934 (20 of 1934) in regard to international carriage and the provisions of that Act have been extended to domestic carriage, subject to certain exceptions, adaptations and modifications, by means of a notification issued in 1964.
3. A diplomatic conference under the auspices of International Civil Aviation Organisation was held at Hague in September, 1955, which adopted a protocol to amend the provisions of the Warsaw Convention. The Hague Protocol was opened for signature on 28th September, 1955 and more than the required number of States have ratified the Protocol which came into force between the ratifying States on 1st August, 1963.
4. Some of the major amendments effected by the Hague Protocol to the Warsaw Convention are—
(i) simplification of the documents of carriage;
(ii) an increase in the amount specified as the maximum sum for which the carrier may be liable to a passenger that is to say, the limits of the liability of the carrier in respect of a passenger has been doubled, and unless a higher figure is agreed to by a special contract, the liability is raised from 1,25,000 gold francs per passenger to 2,50,000 gold francs per passenger;
(iii) making the carrier liable where the damage was caused by an error in piloting or in the handling of the aircraft or in navigation.
5. Acceptance of the Hague Protocol would put our national carrier on the same footing as many of its international competitors, since the passengers will be able to avail the limit of liability guaranteed by the Hague Protocol, the limit being double than that stipulated under the Warsaw Convention.
6. Fifty-seven countries have already ratified the Hague Protocol and passengers travelling between those countries would be ensured of the higher limit of compensation.
7. It is, therefore, proposed to enact a law, in place of the existing Indian Carriage by Air Act, 1934, to apply the existing provisions based on the Warsaw Convention to countries which would choose to be governed by that Convention and also to apply the provisions of the Warsaw Convention as amended by the Hague Protocol to countries which may accept the provisions thereof. Under Section 4 of the Indian Carriage by Air Act, 1934, the rules contained in the Warsaw Convention have already been applied to non-international carriages subject to certain exceptions, adaptations and modifications. It is now proposed to take power to apply the rules contained in the Warsaw Convention as amended by the Hague Protocol also to non-international carriages subject to exceptions, adaptations and modifications.
8. The Bill seeks to give effect to the above objectives.
1. Short title, extent and commencement.—(1) This Act may be called the Carriage by Air Act, 1972.
(2) It extends to the whole of India.
(3) It shall come into force on such date[ii] as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint.
2. Definitions.—In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—
(i) “amended Convention” means the Convention as amended by the Hague Protocol on the 28th day of September, 1955;
(ii) “Convention” means the Convention or the unification of certain rules relating to international carriage by air signed at Warsaw on the 12th day of October, 1929.
[iii][(iii) “Montreal Convention” means the Convention for the unification of certain rules for international carriage by air signed at Montreal on the 28th day of May, 1999;
(iv) “Annexure” means the Annexure annexed to this Act.]
3. Application of Convention to India.—(1) The rules contained in the First Schedule, being the provisions of the Convention relating to the rights and liabilities of carriers, passengers, consignors, consignees and other persons, shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, have the force of law in India in relation to any carriage by air to which those rules apply, irrespective of the nationality of the aircraft performing the carriage.
[iv][(2) For the purpose of this Act, the High Contracting Parties to the Convention and the date of enforcement of the said Convention shall be such as are included in Part I of the Annexure.]
(3) Any reference in the First Schedule to the territory of any High Contracting Party to the Convention shall be construed as a reference to all the territories in respect of which he is a party.
(4) Any reference in the First Schedule to agents of the carrier shall be construed as including a reference to servants of the carrier.
[v][(5) The Central Government may, having regard to the objects of this Act, and if it considers necessary or expedient so to do, by notification in the Official Gazette, add to, or, as the case may be, omit from, Part I of the Annexure, any High Contracting Party and on such addition, or as the case may be, omission, such High Contracting Party shall be or shall cease to be, a High Contracting Party.]
4. Application of amended Convention to India.—(1) The rules contained in the Second Schedule, being the provisions of the amended Convention relating to the rights and liabilities of carriers, passengers, consignors, consignees and other persons, shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, have the force of law in India in relation to any carriage by air to which those rules apply, irrespective of the nationality of the aircraft performing the carriage.
[vi][(2) For the purpose of this Act, the High Contracting Parties to the amended Convention and the date of enforcement of the said amended Convention shall be such as are included in Part II of the Annexure.
(2-A) The Central Government may, having regard to the objects of this Act, and if it considers necessary or expedient so to do, by notification in the Official Gazette, add to, or, as the case may be, omit from, Part II of the Annexure, any High Contracting Party and on such addition, or, as the case may be, omission, such High Contracting Party shall be or shall cease to be, a High Contracting Party.]
(3) Any reference in the Second Schedule to the territory of any High Contracting Party to the amended Convention shall be construed as a reference to all the territories in respect of which he is a party.
(4) Any reference in the Second Schedule to agents of the carrier shall be construed as including a reference to servants of the carrier.
[vii][4-A. Application of Montreal Convention to India.—(1) The rules contained in the Third Schedule, being the provisions of the Montreal Convention relating to the rights and liabilities of carriers, passengers, consignors, consignees and other persons, shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, have the force of law in India in relation to any carriage by air to which those rules apply, irrespective of the nationality of the aircraft performing the carriage.
(2) For the purpose of this Act, the State Parties to the Montreal Convention and the date of enforcement of the said Montreal Convention shall be such as are included in Part III of the Annexure.
(3) Any reference in the Third Schedule to the territory of any State Party to the Montreal Convention shall be construed as a reference to all the territories in respect of which he is party.
(4) Any reference in the Third Schedule to agents of the carrier shall be construed as including a reference to servants of the carrier.
(5) The Central Government may, having regard to the objects of this Act, and if it considers necessary or expedient so to do, by notification in the Official Gazette, add to, or, as the case may be, omit from, Part III of the Annexure, any State Party and on such addition, or, as the case may be, omission, such State Party shall be or shall cease to be, a State Party.]
[viii][(6) The Central Government may, having regard to the objects of the Act, and if it considers necessary or expedient so to do, by notification in the Official Gazette, give effect to the limits of liability, revised by the depository under Rule 24 of Chapter III of the Third Schedule to this Act, for the purposes of determining the liabilities of the carriers and extent of compensation for damages under the said Chapter of that Schedule.]
5. Liability in case of death.—(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Fatal Accidents Act, 1855 (13 of 1855) or any other enactment or rule of law in force in any part of India, the rules contained in [ix][the First Schedule, the Second Schedule and the Third Schedule] shall, in all cases to which those rules apply, determine the liability of a carrier in respect of the death of a passenger.
(2) The liability shall be enforceable for the benefit of such of the members of the passengers family as sustained damage by reason of his death.
Explanation.—In this sub-section, the expression “member of a family” means wife or husband, parent, step-parent, grand-parent, brother, sister, half-brother, half-sister, child, step-child and grandchild:
Provided that in deducing any such relationship as aforesaid any illegitimate person and any adopted person shall be treated as being, or as having been, the legitimate child of his mother and reputed father or, as the case may be, of his adopters.
(3) An action to enforce the liability may be brought by the personal representative of the passenger or by any person for whose benefit the liability is under sub-section (2) enforceable, but only one action shall be brought in India in respect of the death of any one passenger, and every such action by whomsoever brought shall be for the benefit of all such persons so entitled as aforesaid as either are domiciled in India or not being domiciled there express a desire to take the benefit of the action.
(4) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (5), the amount recovered in any such action, after deducting any costs not recovered from the defendant, shall be divided between the persons entitled in such proportion as the Court may direct.
(5) The Court before which any such action is brought may, at any stage of the proceedings, make any such order as appears to the Court to be just and equitable in view of the provisions of [x][the First Schedule or the Second Schedule or the Third Schedule], as the case may be, limiting the liability of a carrier and of any proceedings which have been or are likely to be commenced outside India in respect of the death of the passenger in question.
6. Conversion of francs.—Any sum in francs mentioned in Rule 22 of the First Schedule or of the Second Schedule, as the case may be, shall, for the purpose of any action against a carrier, be converted into rupees at the rate of exchange prevailing on the date on which the amount of damages to be paid by the carrier is ascertained by the Court.
[xi][6-A. Conversion of Special Drawing Rights.—Any sum in Special Drawing Rights mentioned in Rules 21 and 22 of the Third Schedule shall, for the purpose of any action against a carrier, be converted into rupees at the rate of exchange prevailing on the date on which the amount of damages to be paid by the carrier is ascertained by the Court in accordance with the provisions of Rule 23 of the said Third Schedule.]
7. Provisions regarding suits against High Contracting Parties who undertake carriage by air.—(1) Every High Contracting Party to the Convention or the amended Convention, as the case may be, who has not availed himself of the provisions of the Additional Protocol thereto shall, for the purposes of any suit brought in a Court in India in accordance with the provisions, of Rule 28 of the First Schedule, or of the Second Schedule, as the case may be, to enforce claim in respect of carriage undertaken by him, be deemed to have submitted to the jurisdiction of that Court and to be a person for the purposes of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908).
(2) The High Court may make rules of procedure providing for all matters which may be expedient to enable such suits to be instituted and carried on.
(3) Nothing in this section shall authorise any Court to attach or sell any property of a High Contracting Party to the Convention or to the amended Convention.
8. Application of Act to carriage by air which is not international.—(1) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, apply the rules contained in the First Schedule and any provision of Section 3 or Section 5 or Section 6 to such carriage by air not being international carriage by air as defined in the First Schedule, as may be specified in the notification, subject, however, to such exceptions, adaptations and modifications, if any, as may be so specified.
(2) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, apply the rules contained in the Second Schedule and any provision of Section 4 or Section 5 or Section 6 to such carriage by air, not being international carriage by air as defined in the Second Schedule, as may be specified in the notification, subject, however, to such exceptions, adaptations and modifications, if any, as may be so specified.
[xii][(3) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, apply the rules contained in the Third Schedule and any provision of Section 4-A or Section 5 or Section 6-A to such carriage by air, not being international carriage by air as defined in the Third Schedule, as may be specified in the notification, subject, however, to such exceptions, adaptations and modifications, if any, as may be so specified.]
[xiii][8-A. Power to make rules.—(1) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, make rules for carrying out the provisions of this Act.
(2) Every rule made and every notification issued under this Act shall be laid, as soon as may be after it is made or issued, before each House of Parliament, while it is in session, for a total period of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session immediately following the session or the successive sessions aforesaid, both Houses agree in making any modification in the rule or the notification or both Houses agree that the rule or notification should not be made or issued, the rule or notification shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as the case may be; so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that rule or notification.]
[i] Substituted for “and to make provision for” by Act 28 of 2009, Section 2 (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).
[ii] The Act was brought into force w.e.f. May 15, 1973 [Vide Noti. No. S.O. 170(E), dated 23-3-1973.
[iii] Inserted by Act 28 of 2009, Section 3 (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).
[iv] Substituted by Act 28 of 2009, Section 4 (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).
[v] Substituted by Act 28 of 2009, Section 4 (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).
[vi] Substituted by Act 28 of 2009, Section 5 (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).
[vii] Inserted by Act 28 of 2009, Section 6 (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).
[viii] Ins by Act 12 of 2016, S. 2, dated 21-3-2016.
[ix] Substituted by Act 28 of 2009, Section 7 (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).
[x] Substituted by Act 28 of 2009, Section 7 (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).
[xi] Inserted by Act 28 of 2009, Section 8 (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).
[xii] Substituted by Act 28 of 2009, Section 9 (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).
[xiii] Ins. by Act 12 of 2016, S. 3, dated 21-3-2016.
[xiv] Repealed by Repealing and Amending Act, 1978 (30 of 1978), S. 2 and Sch. I.